第1讲:名词之名词的数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。这和汉语不同，比如，在汉语中，我们说一个苹果，那就是一个苹果，没什么特殊变化。你要说三个苹果，只需把“一”换成“三”就可以了。而在英语中，一个苹果是one apple，三个苹果是 three apples，不仅数量词变化了，名词也有相应的变化。下面我们就将名词变复数的规则分为规则变化和不规则变化。
第一部分：规则变化
情况 构成法 读音 例词 一般情况（包括以e结尾的名词） 加-s -s在清辅音 后读 Cups, cats, cakes, roofs, flags, keys, faces 在浊辅音和元音后读 在辅音后读 口诀：清清浊浊元浊 以s, x, ch, sh结尾 加-es 在后读 Classes, boxes, watches, brushes 以辅音+y结尾 变y为i，加es 读 Cities, countries, studies 以元音+y结尾 加--s 读 Boys, rays, days
有人还把以下两个加入了名词有规则变复数的行列:
情况 构成法 读音 例词 以o 结尾 加-es 读 Heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, Negroes 加-s 读 Bamboos, radios, zoos, photos, pianos 以f, fe结尾 变f, fe为v，再加-es 读 Leaf-leaves Life-lives Wife-wives Thief-thieves Half-halves Knife-knives Wolf-wolves Self-selves Loaf-loaves 加-s 读 Roofs, proofs, chiefs, beliefs, gulfs 我们经常会看到有些名词变复数时并没有遵循上述规则。这就是名词的不规则变化。还有一些名词，单复数是同一个形式的。不过，我们还是可以通过一些比较，发现其中的一些奥妙。以下我将为大家讲讲名词的不规则变化。
一、有些名词中保存了英语中古旧的复数形式，如：
man-men woman-women
tooth-teeth foot-feet
child-children goose-geese
mouse-mice ox-oxen
二、有些是外来词，仍保有原来的复数形式，如：
Phenomenon-phenomena（现象）
Formula-formulae（公式）
Thesis-theses（论文）
Basis-bases（基础）
Analysis-analyses（分析）
Criterion-criteria（标准）
Crisis-crises（危机）
Appendix-appendices（附录）
三、部分单词的复数形式不变。
例：fish→fish; sheep→sheep; cattle→cattle; deer→deer; salmon→salmon, means→means
四、compound nouns，这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示
例：daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law 媳妇; father-in-law→fathers-in-law岳父
man-of-war→men-of-war兵舰; maid-servant→maid-servants
step-son→step-sons晚子; son-in-law→sons-in-law.
但是，也有些合成名词，特别是由man和woman构成的合成名词，里面所含的成分，全都要变为复数，如：
Man-servant－men-servants，woman doctor－women doctors等
五、有些名词经常是带着-s词尾的，但通常都作单数看待，如：
Phonetics（语音学），physics（物理学），optics（光学），politics（政治），news（新闻）等。
六、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多
例：bellows风箱; clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀，trousers长裤，wages工资，belongings所有物， surroundings环境，savings储蓄，findings调查结果，arms武器，clothes衣服，stairs楼梯，等
七、另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，
例：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼，papers文件，证件，greens青菜，manners礼貌，ruins废墟，troops军队，looks外貌，times时代，等
第三部分：不可数名词的计量方法
（1）一般用“数字+of+计量单位+名词”表示，（注意：当数字大于一时，表示计量单位的名词可以有复数形式）。如：
a piece of news 一则新闻 a piece of meat 一块肉 a glass of wine一杯酒 two bowls of rice 两碗米 a sum of money 一笔钱 five bags of flour 一袋面粉 a drop of water 一滴水 three bottles of milk 三瓶牛奶 two pieces of advice 两条建议
（2）用much/some/ a little/ little/ a lot of/ plenty of+不可数名词
练习题：
1、 All the people at the conference are ______.
a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher
b. mathematics teachers d. mathematic’s teachers (C)
2、All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
a. women doctors c. woman doctors
b. women doctor d. woman doctor (a)
3、---Are there any ________ on the farm?
---Yes, there are some.
A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep (D)
4、--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?
--- Certainly.
A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water
C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters (B)
5、Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.
A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear (B)
6、There is some _______ on the plate.
A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears (B)
7、The little baby has two _______ already.
A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths (C)
8、We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please?
A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe (C)
9、Please remember to give the horse some tree___.
A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave (B)
10、He gave us____ on how to keep fit.
A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice (B)
11、Please pass me _____.
A. two glass of water B. two glasses of waters
C. two glasses of water D. two glass water (C)
12、There are a lot of _______ down there but hardly any _______.
A. sheeps, people B.sheep, people C. sheeps, peoples D. sheep, peoples (B)
13、This table is made of __________.
A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass (D)
14、______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.
A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on C. Looker-ons D. Lookers-ons (B)
15、Some ______ are flying kites near the river.
A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs (C)
16、Mr. Smith always has ________ to tell us.
A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news
C. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news (B)
17、Twelve _______ were hurt, but no _________ were lost in that accident.
A. person; life B. people; lives C. peoples; lives D. persons; life (B)
18、In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here.
A. much B. lots of C. a great deal of D. many (A)
19、The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
A. stander-by C. standers-by
B. stander-bys D. standers-bys (B)
20、Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.
A. little B. much C. a large number of D. a large amount of (C)
第一部分：规则变化
情况 构成法 读音 例词 一般情况（包括以e结尾的名词） 加-s -s在清辅音 后读 Cups, cats, cakes, roofs, flags, keys, faces 在浊辅音和元音后读 在辅音后读 口诀：清清浊浊元浊 以s, x, ch, sh结尾 加-es 在后读 Classes, boxes, watches, brushes 以辅音+y结尾 变y为i，加es 读 Cities, countries, studies 以元音+y结尾 加--s 读 Boys, rays, days
有人还把以下两个加入了名词有规则变复数的行列:
情况 构成法 读音 例词 以o 结尾 加-es 读 Heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, Negroes 加-s 读 Bamboos, radios, zoos, photos, pianos 以f, fe结尾 变f, fe为v，再加-es 读 Leaf-leaves Life-lives Wife-wives Thief-thieves Half-halves Knife-knives Wolf-wolves Self-selves Loaf-loaves 加-s 读 Roofs, proofs, chiefs, beliefs, gulfs 我们经常会看到有些名词变复数时并没有遵循上述规则。这就是名词的不规则变化。还有一些名词，单复数是同一个形式的。不过，我们还是可以通过一些比较，发现其中的一些奥妙。以下我将为大家讲讲名词的不规则变化。
一、有些名词中保存了英语中古旧的复数形式，如：
man-men woman-women
tooth-teeth foot-feet
child-children goose-geese
mouse-mice ox-oxen
二、有些是外来词，仍保有原来的复数形式，如：
Phenomenon-phenomena（现象）
Formula-formulae（公式）
Thesis-theses（论文）
Basis-bases（基础）
Analysis-analyses（分析）
Criterion-criteria（标准）
Crisis-crises（危机）
Appendix-appendices（附录）
三、部分单词的复数形式不变。
例：fish→fish; sheep→sheep; cattle→cattle; deer→deer; salmon→salmon, means→means
四、compound nouns，这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示
例：daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law 媳妇; father-in-law→fathers-in-law岳父
man-of-war→men-of-war兵舰; maid-servant→maid-servants
step-son→step-sons晚子; son-in-law→sons-in-law.
但是，也有些合成名词，特别是由man和woman构成的合成名词，里面所含的成分，全都要变为复数，如：
Man-servant－men-servants，woman doctor－women doctors等
五、有些名词经常是带着-s词尾的，但通常都作单数看待，如：
Phonetics（语音学），physics（物理学），optics（光学），politics（政治），news（新闻）等。
六、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多
例：bellows风箱; clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀，trousers长裤，wages工资，belongings所有物， surroundings环境，savings储蓄，findings调查结果，arms武器，clothes衣服，stairs楼梯，等
七、另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，
例：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼，papers文件，证件，greens青菜，manners礼貌，ruins废墟，troops军队，looks外貌，times时代，等
第三部分：不可数名词的计量方法
（1）一般用“数字+of+计量单位+名词”表示，（注意：当数字大于一时，表示计量单位的名词可以有复数形式）。如：
a piece of news 一则新闻 a piece of meat 一块肉 a glass of wine一杯酒 two bowls of rice 两碗米 a sum of money 一笔钱 five bags of flour 一袋面粉 a drop of water 一滴水 three bottles of milk 三瓶牛奶 two pieces of advice 两条建议
（2）用much/some/ a little/ little/ a lot of/ plenty of+不可数名词
练习题：
1、 All the people at the conference are ______.
a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher
b. mathematics teachers d. mathematic’s teachers (C)
2、All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
a. women doctors c. woman doctors
b. women doctor d. woman doctor (a)
3、---Are there any ________ on the farm?
---Yes, there are some.
A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep (D)
4、--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?
--- Certainly.
A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water
C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters (B)
5、Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.
A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear (B)
6、There is some _______ on the plate.
A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears (B)
7、The little baby has two _______ already.
A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths (C)
8、We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please?
A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe (C)
9、Please remember to give the horse some tree___.
A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave (B)
10、He gave us____ on how to keep fit.
A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice (B)
11、Please pass me _____.
A. two glass of water B. two glasses of waters
C. two glasses of water D. two glass water (C)
12、There are a lot of _______ down there but hardly any _______.
A. sheeps, people B.sheep, people C. sheeps, peoples D. sheep, peoples (B)
13、This table is made of __________.
A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass (D)
14、______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.
A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on C. Looker-ons D. Lookers-ons (B)
15、Some ______ are flying kites near the river.
A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs (C)
16、Mr. Smith always has ________ to tell us.
A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news
C. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news (B)
17、Twelve _______ were hurt, but no _________ were lost in that accident.
A. person; life B. people; lives C. peoples; lives D. persons; life (B)
18、In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here.
A. much B. lots of C. a great deal of D. many (A)
19、The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
A. stander-by C. standers-by
B. stander-bys D. standers-bys (B)
20、Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.
A. little B. much C. a large number of D. a large amount of (C)